anaphoresis

anaphoresis [PHYS CHEM] Upon application of an electric field, the movement of posi

tively charged colloidal particles or macromolecules suspended in a liquid toward

the anode

analytical distillation

analytical distillation [ANALY CHEM] Precise resolution of a volatile liquid mixture into
its components; the mixture is vaporized by heat or vacuum, and the vaporized
components are recondensed into liquids at their respective boiling points

analytical extraction

analytical extraction [ANALY CHEM] Precise transfer of one or more components of a
mixture (liquid to liquid, gas to liquid, solid to liquid) by contacting the mixture
with a solvent in which the component of interest is preferentially soluble

analytical extraction

analytical extraction [ANALY CHEM] Precise transfer of one or more components of a

mixture (liquid to liquid, gas to liquid, solid to liquid) by contacting the mixture

with a solvent in which the component of interest is preferentially soluble

analytical blank

analytical blank See blank

analytical chemistry

analytical chemistry [CHEM] The branch of chemistry dealing with techniques which

yield any type of information about chemical systems

analyte

analyte [ANALY CHEM] 1. The sample being analyzed. 2. The specific component that

is being measured in a chemical analysis

analysis line

analysis line [SPECT] The spectral line used in determining the concentration of an

element in spectrographic analysis

analysis

analysis [ANALY CHEM] The determination of the composition of a substance

analog

analog [CHEM] A compound whose structure is similar to that of another compound

but whose composition differs by one element

anabasine

anabasine [ORG CHEM] A colorless, liquid alkaloid extracted from the plants Anabasis

aphylla and Nicotiana glauca; boiling point is 105 C; soluble in alcohol and ether; used

as an insecticide

anagyrine

anagyrine [ORG CHEM]C15H20N2O A toxic alkaloid found in several species of Lupinus

in the western United States; acute poisoning produces nervousness, depression,

loss of muscular control, convulsions, and coma

amyl xanthate

amyl xanthate [ORG CHEM] A salt formed by replacing the hydrogen attached to the

sulfur in amylxanthic acid by a metal; used as collector agent in the flotation of

certain minerals

amyl salicylate

amyl salicylate [ORG CHEM]C6H4OHCOOC5H11 A clear liquid that occasionally has a

yellow tinge; boils at 280 C; soluble in alcohol, insoluble in water; used in soap and

perfumes. Also known as isoamyl salicylate

amyl nitrite

amyl nitrite [ORG CHEM] (CH3)2CH(CH2)2NO2 A yellow liquid; soluble in alcohol, very

slightly soluble in water; fruity odor; it is flammable and the vapor is explosive; used

in medicine and perfumes. Also known as isoamyl nitrite

amyl propionate

amyl propionate [ORG CHEM]CH3CH2COOC5H11 A colorless liquid with an applelike

odor and a distillation range of 135–175 C; used in perfumes, lacquers, and flavors

amyl nitrate

amyl nitrate [ORG CHEM]C5H11ONO2 An ester of amyl alcohol added to diesel fuel to

raise the cetane number

amyl mercaptan

amyl mercaptan [ORG CHEM]C5H11SH A colorless to light yellow liquid with a boiling

range of 104–130 C; soluble in alcohol; used in odorant for detecting gas line leaks

amyl ether

amyl ether [ORG CHEM] 1. Either of two isomeric compounds, n-amyl ether or isoamyl

ether; both may be represented by the formula (C5H11)2O. 2. A mixture mainly of

isoamyl ether and n-amyl ether formed in preparation of amyl alcohols from amyl

chloride; very slightly soluble in water; used mainly as a solvent

amylene

amylene [ORG CHEM]C5H10 A highly flammable liquid with a low boiling point, 37

38.5 C; often a component of petroleum. Also known as 2-methyl-2-butene

n amylamine

n-amylamine [ORG CHEM]C5H11NH2 A colorless liquid with a boiling point of 104.4 C

soluble in water, alcohol, and ether; used in dyestuffs, insecticides, synthetic deter-

gents, corrosion inhibitors, and pharmaceuticals, and as a gasoline additive

amyl alcohol

amyl alcohol [ORG CHEM]

 1. A colorless liquid that is a mixture of isomeric alcohols

2. An optically active liquid composed of isopentyl alcohol and active amyl alcohol

amyl

amyl [ORG CHEM] Any of the eight isomeric arrangements of the radical C5H11 or a

mixture of them. Also known as pentyl

amyl acetate

amyl acetate [ORG CHEM]CH3COO(CH2)2CH(CH3)2 A colorless liquid, boiling at 142 C

soluble in alcohol and ether, slightly soluble in water; used in flavors and perfumes.

Also known as banana oil; isoamyl acetate

amphoterism

amphoterism [CHEM] The property of being able to react either as an acid or a base

amphoteric

amphoteric [CHEM] Having both acidic and basic characteristics. Also known as

amphiprotic

ampholyte

ampholyte [CHEM] An amphoteric electrolyte

ampholytic detergent

ampholytic detergent [CHEM] A detergent that is cationic in acidic solutions and
anionic in basic solutions

amphiprotic

amphiprotic See amphoteric

amphipathic molecule

amphipathicmolecule [ORG CHEM] A molecule having both hydrophilic and hydropho

bic groups; examples are wetting agents andmembrane lipids such as phosphoglycer-

ides

amphiphile

amphiphile [CHEM] A molecule which has a polar head attached to a long hydrophobic

tail

amperometry

amperometry [PHYS CHEM] Chemical analysis by techniques which involve measuring

electric currents

amperometric titration

amperometric titration [PHYS CHEM] A titration that involves measuring an electric
current or changes in current during the course of the titration

amount of substance

amount of substance [CHEM] A measure of the number of elementary entities present

in a substance or system; usually measured in moles

ammonolysis

ammonolysis [CHEM] 

1. A dissociation reaction of the ammonia molecule producing

H+ and NH2 species.

 2. Breaking of a bond by addition of ammonia. 

ammonium vanadate

ammonium vanadate [INORG CHEM]NH4VO3 A white to yellow, water-soluble, crystal

line powder; used in inks and as a paint drier and textile mordant

ammonium thiocyanate

ammonium thiocyanate [ORG CHEM]NH4SCN Colorless, deliquescent crystals with a

melting point of 149.6 C; soluble in water, acetone, alcohol, and ammonia; used in

analytical chemistry, freezing solutions, fabric dyeing, electroplating, photography,

and steel pickling

ammonium tartrate

ammonium tartrate [ORG CHEM]C4H12N2O6 Colorless, monoclinic crystals; used in tex

tiles and in medicine

ammonium sulfide

ammonium sulfide [INORG CHEM] (NH4)2S Yellow crystals, stable only when dry and

below 0 C; decomposes on melting; soluble in water and alcohol; used in photo-

graphic developers and for coloring brasses and bronzes

ammonium sulfate

ammonium sulfate [INORG CHEM] (NH4)2SO4 Colorless, rhombic crystals which melt at

140 C and are soluble in water

ammonium sulfamate

ammonium sulfamate [INORG CHEM]NH4OSO2NH2 White crystals with a melting point

of 130 C; soluble in water; used for flameproofing textiles, in electroplating, and as

an herbicide to control woody plant species.

ammonium stearate

ammonium stearate [ORG CHEM]C17H35COONH4 A tan, waxlike substance with a melt

ing point of 73–75 C; used in cosmetics and for waterproofing cements, paper,

textiles, and other materials.

ammonium soap

ammonium soap [ORG CHEM] A product from reaction of a fatty acid with ammonium

hydroxide; used in toiletry preparations such as soaps and in emulsions

ammonium silicofluoride

ammonium silicofluoride See ammonium fluosilicate

ammonium salt

ammonium salt [INORG CHEM] A product of a reaction between ammonia and various acids; examples are ammonium chloride and ammonium nitrate

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ammonium picrate

ammonium picrate [ORG CHEM]NH4C6H2O(NO2)3 Compound with stable yellow and

metastable red forms of orthorhombic crystals; used as amilitary explosive for armor-

piercing shells

ammonium phosphate

ammonium phosphate [INORG CHEM] (NH4)2HPO4 A salt of ammonia and phosphoric

acid that forms white monoclinic crystals, which are soluble in water; used as a

fertilizer and fire retardant

ammonium persulfate

ammonium persulfate [INORG CHEM] (NH4)2S2O8 White crystals which decompose on

melting; soluble in water; used as an oxidizing agent and bleaching agent, and in

etching, electroplating, food preservation, and aniline dyes

ammonium perchlorate

ammonium perchlorate [INORG CHEM]NH4ClO4 A salt that forms colorless or white

rhombic and regular crystals, which are soluble in water; it decomposes at 150 C,

and the reaction is explosive at higher temperatures

ammonium oxalate

ammonium oxalate [ORG CHEM] (NH4)2C2O4 H2O A salt in the form of colorless, rhom-
bic crystals.

ammonium nitrate

ammonium nitrate [INORG CHEM]NH4NO3 A colorless crystalline salt; very insensitive
and stable high explosive; also used as a fertilizer

ammonium molybdate

ammonium molybdate [INORG CHEM] (NH4)2MoO4 White, crystalline salt used as an

analytic reagent, as a precipitant of phosphoric acid, and in pigments.

ammonium nickel sulfate

ammonium nickel sulfate See nickel ammonium sulfate

ammonium metatungstate

ammonium metatungstate [ORG CHEM] (NH4)6H2W12O40 A white powder, soluble in

water, used for electroplating.

ammonium lineolate

ammonium lineolate [ORG CHEM]C17H31COONH4 A soft, pasty material used as an

emulsifying agent in various industrial applications.

ammonium lactate

ammonium lactate [ORG CHEM]NH4C3H5O3 A yellow, syrupy liquid used in finishing

leather.

ammonium iodide

ammonium iodide [INORG CHEM]NH4I A salt prepared from ammonia and hydrogen

iodide or iodine; it forms colorless, regular crystals which sublime when heated;

used in photography and for pharmaceutical preparations.

ammonium hydroxide

ammonium hydroxide [INORG CHEM]NH4OH A hydrate of ammonia, crystalline below

79 C; it is a weak base known only in solution as ammonia water. Also known

as aqua ammonia.

ammonium hydrogen carbonate

ammonium hydrogen carbonate See ammonium bicarbonate.

ammonium hydrogen fluoride

ammonium hydrogen fluoride See ammonium bifluoride.

ammonium halide

ammonium halide [INORG CHEM] A compound with the ammonium ion bonded to an

ion formed from one of the halogen elements.

ammonium gluconate

ammonium gluconate [ORG CHEM]NH4C6H11O7 A white, crystalline powder made from

gluconic acid and ammonia; soluble in water; used as an emulsifier for cheese and

salad dressing and as a catalyst in textile printing

ammonium formate

ammonium formate [ORG CHEM] HCO2NH4 Deliquescent crystals or granules with a

melting point of 116 C; soluble in water and alcohol; used in analytical chemistry

to precipitate base metals from salts of the noble metals.

ammoniumfluoride

ammoniumfluoride [INORG CHEM]NH4F A white, unstable, crystalline salt with a strong

odor of ammonia; soluble in cold water; used in analytical chemistry, glass etching,

and wood preservation, and as a textile mordant

ammonium fluosilicate

ammonium fluosilicate [INORG CHEM] (NH4)2SiF6 A toxic, white, crystalline powder

soluble in alcohol andwater; used formothproofing, glass etching, and electroplating.

Also known as ammonium silicofluoride

ammoniumdichromate

ammoniumdichromate [INORGCHEM] (NH4)2Cr2O7 A salt that forms orange,monoclinic
crystals; made from ammonium sulfate and sodium dichromate; soluble in water
and alcohol; ignites readily; used in photography, lithography, pyrotechnics, and
dyeing. Also known as ammonium bichromate

ammonium citrate

ammonium citrate [ORG CHEM] (NH4)2HC6H5O7 White, granular material; used as a

reagent.

ammonium chromate

ammonium chromate [INORG CHEM] (NH4)2CrO4 A salt that forms yellow, monoclinic

crystals; made from ammonium hydroxide and ammonium dichromate; used in

photography as a sensitizer for gelatin coatings.

ammonium chloride

ammonium chloride [INORG CHEM]NH4Cl A white crystalline salt that occurs naturally

as a sublimation product of volcanic action or ismanufactured; used as an electrolyte

in dry cells, as a flux for soldering, tinning, and galvanizing, and as an expectorant.

ammonium carbonate

ammonium carbonate [INORG CHEM]

 1. (NH4)2CO3 The normal ammonium salt of carbonic acid, prepared by passing gaseous carbon dioxide into an aqueous solution

of ammonia and allowing the vapors (ammonia, carbon dioxide, water) to crystallize.

2. NH4HCO3 NH2COONH4 A white, crystalline double salt of ammonium bicarbonate

and ammonium carbamate obtained commercially; the principal ingredient of smell-

ing salts.

ammonium carbamate

ammonium carbamate [INORG CHEM] NH4NH2CO2 A salt that forms colorless, rhombic

crystals, which are very soluble in cold water; an important, unstable intermediate

in the manufacture of urea; found in commercial ammonium carbonate.

ammonium bromide

ammonium bromide [INORG CHEM]NH4Br An ammonium halide that crystallizes in

the cubic system; made by the reaction of ammonia with hydrobromic acid or

bromine; used in photography and for pharmaceutical preparations (sedatives).

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