Chemistry City: 2011

Thursday, December 29, 2011

anaphoresis

anaphoresis [PHYS CHEM] Upon application of an electric field, the movement of posi

tively charged colloidal particles or macromolecules suspended in a liquid toward

the anode

analytical distillation [ANALY CHEM] Precise resolution of a volatile liquid mixture into
its components; the mixture is vaporized by heat or vacuum, and the vaporized
components are recondensed into liquids at their respective boiling points

analytical extraction

analytical extraction [ANALY CHEM] Precise transfer of one or more components of a
mixture (liquid to liquid, gas to liquid, solid to liquid) by contacting the mixture
with a solvent in which the component of interest is preferentially soluble

analytical extraction

analytical extraction [ANALY CHEM] Precise transfer of one or more components of a

mixture (liquid to liquid, gas to liquid, solid to liquid) by contacting the mixture

with a solvent in which the component of interest is preferentially soluble

analytical blank

analytical blank See blank

analytical chemistry

analytical chemistry [CHEM] The branch of chemistry dealing with techniques which

yield any type of information about chemical systems

analyte

analyte [ANALY CHEM] 1. The sample being analyzed. 2. The specific component that

is being measured in a chemical analysis

analysis line

analysis line [SPECT] The spectral line used in determining the concentration of an

element in spectrographic analysis

analysis

analysis [ANALY CHEM] The determination of the composition of a substance

analog

analog [CHEM] A compound whose structure is similar to that of another compound

but whose composition differs by one element

anabasine

anabasine [ORG CHEM] A colorless, liquid alkaloid extracted from the plants Anabasis

aphylla and Nicotiana glauca; boiling point is 105 C; soluble in alcohol and ether; used

as an insecticide

anagyrine

anagyrine [ORG CHEM]C15H20N2O A toxic alkaloid found in several species of Lupinus

in the western United States; acute poisoning produces nervousness, depression,

loss of muscular control, convulsions, and coma

amyl xanthate

amyl xanthate [ORG CHEM] A salt formed by replacing the hydrogen attached to the

sulfur in amylxanthic acid by a metal; used as collector agent in the flotation of

certain minerals

amyl salicylate

amyl salicylate [ORG CHEM]C6H4OHCOOC5H11 A clear liquid that occasionally has a

yellow tinge; boils at 280 C; soluble in alcohol, insoluble in water; used in soap and

perfumes. Also known as isoamyl salicylate

amyl nitrite

amyl nitrite [ORG CHEM] (CH3)2CH(CH2)2NO2 A yellow liquid; soluble in alcohol, very

slightly soluble in water; fruity odor; it is flammable and the vapor is explosive; used

in medicine and perfumes. Also known as isoamyl nitrite

amyl propionate

amyl propionate [ORG CHEM]CH3CH2COOC5H11 A colorless liquid with an applelike

odor and a distillation range of 135–175 C; used in perfumes, lacquers, and flavors

amyl nitrate

amyl nitrate [ORG CHEM]C5H11ONO2 An ester of amyl alcohol added to diesel fuel to

raise the cetane number

amyl mercaptan

amyl mercaptan [ORG CHEM]C5H11SH A colorless to light yellow liquid with a boiling

range of 104–130 C; soluble in alcohol; used in odorant for detecting gas line leaks

amyl ether

amyl ether [ORG CHEM] 1. Either of two isomeric compounds, n-amyl ether or isoamyl

ether; both may be represented by the formula (C5H11)2O. 2. A mixture mainly of

isoamyl ether and n-amyl ether formed in preparation of amyl alcohols from amyl

chloride; very slightly soluble in water; used mainly as a solvent

amylene

amylene [ORG CHEM]C5H10 A highly flammable liquid with a low boiling point, 37

38.5 C; often a component of petroleum. Also known as 2-methyl-2-butene

n amylamine

n-amylamine [ORG CHEM]C5H11NH2 A colorless liquid with a boiling point of 104.4 C

soluble in water, alcohol, and ether; used in dyestuffs, insecticides, synthetic deter-

gents, corrosion inhibitors, and pharmaceuticals, and as a gasoline additive

Tuesday, December 27, 2011

amyl alcohol

amyl alcohol [ORG CHEM]

1. A colorless liquid that is a mixture of isomeric alcohols

2. An optically active liquid composed of isopentyl alcohol and active amyl alcohol

amyl

amyl [ORG CHEM] Any of the eight isomeric arrangements of the radical C5H11 or a

mixture of them. Also known as pentyl

amyl acetate

amyl acetate [ORG CHEM]CH3COO(CH2)2CH(CH3)2 A colorless liquid, boiling at 142 C

soluble in alcohol and ether, slightly soluble in water; used in flavors and perfumes.

Also known as banana oil; isoamyl acetate

amphoterism

amphoterism [CHEM] The property of being able to react either as an acid or a base

amphoteric

amphoteric [CHEM] Having both acidic and basic characteristics. Also known as

amphiprotic

ampholyte

ampholyte [CHEM] An amphoteric electrolyte

ampholytic detergent

ampholytic detergent [CHEM] A detergent that is cationic in acidic solutions and
anionic in basic solutions

amphiprotic

amphiprotic See amphoteric

amphipathic molecule

amphipathicmolecule [ORG CHEM] A molecule having both hydrophilic and hydropho

bic groups; examples are wetting agents andmembrane lipids such as phosphoglycer-

ides

amphiphile

amphiphile [CHEM] A molecule which has a polar head attached to a long hydrophobic

tail

amperometry

amperometry [PHYS CHEM] Chemical analysis by techniques which involve measuring

electric currents

amperometric titration

amperometric titration [PHYS CHEM] A titration that involves measuring an electric
current or changes in current during the course of the titration

amount of substance

amount of substance [CHEM] A measure of the number of elementary entities present

in a substance or system; usually measured in moles

ammonolysis

ammonolysis [CHEM]

1. A dissociation reaction of the ammonia molecule producing

H+ and NH2 species.

2. Breaking of a bond by addition of ammonia.

ammonium vanadate

ammonium vanadate [INORG CHEM]NH4VO3 A white to yellow, water-soluble, crystal

line powder; used in inks and as a paint drier and textile mordant

ammonium thiocyanate

ammonium thiocyanate [ORG CHEM]NH4SCN Colorless, deliquescent crystals with a

melting point of 149.6 C; soluble in water, acetone, alcohol, and ammonia; used in

analytical chemistry, freezing solutions, fabric dyeing, electroplating, photography,

and steel pickling

ammonium tartrate

ammonium tartrate [ORG CHEM]C4H12N2O6 Colorless, monoclinic crystals; used in tex

tiles and in medicine

ammonium sulfide

ammonium sulfide [INORG CHEM] (NH4)2S Yellow crystals, stable only when dry and

below 0 C; decomposes on melting; soluble in water and alcohol; used in photo-

graphic developers and for coloring brasses and bronzes

ammonium sulfate

ammonium sulfate [INORG CHEM] (NH4)2SO4 Colorless, rhombic crystals which melt at

140 C and are soluble in water

ammonium sulfamate

ammonium sulfamate [INORG CHEM]NH4OSO2NH2 White crystals with a melting point

of 130 C; soluble in water; used for flameproofing textiles, in electroplating, and as

an herbicide to control woody plant species.

ammonium stearate

ammonium stearate [ORG CHEM]C17H35COONH4 A tan, waxlike substance with a melt

ing point of 73–75 C; used in cosmetics and for waterproofing cements, paper,

textiles, and other materials.

ammonium soap

ammonium soap [ORG CHEM] A product from reaction of a fatty acid with ammonium

hydroxide; used in toiletry preparations such as soaps and in emulsions

ammonium silicofluoride

ammonium silicofluoride See ammonium fluosilicate

ammonium salt

ammonium salt [INORG CHEM] A product of a reaction between ammonia and various acids; examples are ammonium chloride and ammonium nitrate

The 17 Pound Desolator Smoke Bomb! Made from KNO3 and sugar

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Wednesday, December 14, 2011

ammonium picrate

ammonium picrate [ORG CHEM]NH4C6H2O(NO2)3 Compound with stable yellow and

metastable red forms of orthorhombic crystals; used as amilitary explosive for armor-

piercing shells

ammonium phosphate

ammonium phosphate [INORG CHEM] (NH4)2HPO4 A salt of ammonia and phosphoric

acid that forms white monoclinic crystals, which are soluble in water; used as a

fertilizer and fire retardant

ammonium persulfate

ammonium persulfate [INORG CHEM] (NH4)2S2O8 White crystals which decompose on

melting; soluble in water; used as an oxidizing agent and bleaching agent, and in

etching, electroplating, food preservation, and aniline dyes

ammonium perchlorate

ammonium perchlorate [INORG CHEM]NH4ClO4 A salt that forms colorless or white

rhombic and regular crystals, which are soluble in water; it decomposes at 150 C,

and the reaction is explosive at higher temperatures

ammonium oxalate

ammonium oxalate [ORG CHEM] (NH4)2C2O4 H2O A salt in the form of colorless, rhom-
bic crystals.

ammonium nitrate

ammonium nitrate [INORG CHEM]NH4NO3 A colorless crystalline salt; very insensitive
and stable high explosive; also used as a fertilizer

ammonium molybdate

ammonium molybdate [INORG CHEM] (NH4)2MoO4 White, crystalline salt used as an

analytic reagent, as a precipitant of phosphoric acid, and in pigments.

ammonium nickel sulfate

ammonium nickel sulfate See nickel ammonium sulfate

ammonium metatungstate

ammonium metatungstate [ORG CHEM] (NH4)6H2W12O40 A white powder, soluble in

water, used for electroplating.

ammonium lineolate

ammonium lineolate [ORG CHEM]C17H31COONH4 A soft, pasty material used as an

emulsifying agent in various industrial applications.

ammonium lactate

ammonium lactate [ORG CHEM]NH4C3H5O3 A yellow, syrupy liquid used in finishing

leather.

ammonium iodide

ammonium iodide [INORG CHEM]NH4I A salt prepared from ammonia and hydrogen

iodide or iodine; it forms colorless, regular crystals which sublime when heated;

used in photography and for pharmaceutical preparations.

ammonium hydroxide

ammonium hydroxide [INORG CHEM]NH4OH A hydrate of ammonia, crystalline below

79 C; it is a weak base known only in solution as ammonia water. Also known

as aqua ammonia.

ammonium hydrogen carbonate

ammonium hydrogen carbonate See ammonium bicarbonate.

ammonium hydrogen fluoride

ammonium hydrogen fluoride See ammonium bifluoride.

ammonium halide

ammonium halide [INORG CHEM] A compound with the ammonium ion bonded to an

ion formed from one of the halogen elements.

ammonium gluconate

ammonium gluconate [ORG CHEM]NH4C6H11O7 A white, crystalline powder made from

gluconic acid and ammonia; soluble in water; used as an emulsifier for cheese and

salad dressing and as a catalyst in textile printing

ammonium formate

ammonium formate [ORG CHEM] HCO2NH4 Deliquescent crystals or granules with a

melting point of 116 C; soluble in water and alcohol; used in analytical chemistry

to precipitate base metals from salts of the noble metals.

ammoniumfluoride

ammoniumfluoride [INORG CHEM]NH4F A white, unstable, crystalline salt with a strong

odor of ammonia; soluble in cold water; used in analytical chemistry, glass etching,

and wood preservation, and as a textile mordant

ammonium fluosilicate

ammonium fluosilicate [INORG CHEM] (NH4)2SiF6 A toxic, white, crystalline powder

soluble in alcohol andwater; used formothproofing, glass etching, and electroplating.

Also known as ammonium silicofluoride

ammoniumdichromate

ammoniumdichromate [INORGCHEM] (NH4)2Cr2O7 A salt that forms orange,monoclinic
crystals; made from ammonium sulfate and sodium dichromate; soluble in water
and alcohol; ignites readily; used in photography, lithography, pyrotechnics, and
dyeing. Also known as ammonium bichromate

ammonium citrate

ammonium citrate [ORG CHEM] (NH4)2HC6H5O7 White, granular material; used as a

reagent.

ammonium chromate

ammonium chromate [INORG CHEM] (NH4)2CrO4 A salt that forms yellow, monoclinic

crystals; made from ammonium hydroxide and ammonium dichromate; used in

photography as a sensitizer for gelatin coatings.

ammonium chloride

ammonium chloride [INORG CHEM]NH4Cl A white crystalline salt that occurs naturally

as a sublimation product of volcanic action or ismanufactured; used as an electrolyte

in dry cells, as a flux for soldering, tinning, and galvanizing, and as an expectorant.

ammonium carbonate

ammonium carbonate [INORG CHEM]

1. (NH4)2CO3 The normal ammonium salt of carbonic acid, prepared by passing gaseous carbon dioxide into an aqueous solution

of ammonia and allowing the vapors (ammonia, carbon dioxide, water) to crystallize.

2. NH4HCO3 NH2COONH4 A white, crystalline double salt of ammonium bicarbonate

and ammonium carbamate obtained commercially; the principal ingredient of smell-

ing salts.

ammonium carbamate

ammonium carbamate [INORG CHEM] NH4NH2CO2 A salt that forms colorless, rhombic

crystals, which are very soluble in cold water; an important, unstable intermediate

in the manufacture of urea; found in commercial ammonium carbonate.

ammonium bromide

ammonium bromide [INORG CHEM]NH4Br An ammonium halide that crystallizes in

the cubic system; made by the reaction of ammonia with hydrobromic acid or

bromine; used in photography and for pharmaceutical preparations (sedatives).

{ ə mo ¯ n yəm bro ¯ mı ¯d}

Friday, September 23, 2011

ammonium borate

ammonium borate [INORG CHEM]NH4BO3 A white, crystalline, water-soluble salt which

decomposes at 198 C; used as a fire retardant on fabrics.

ammonium bitartrate

ammonium bitartrate [ORG CHEM]NH4HC4H4O6 Colorless crystals that are soluble in

water; used to make baking powder and to detect calcium. Also known as monoam-

monium tartrate. { ə mo ¯ n yəmbı ¯ ta ¨ r tra ¯ t}

ammonium bichromate

ammonium bichromate See ammonium dichromate. { ə mo ¯ n yəmbı ¯ kro ¯ ma ¯ t}

ammonium bifluoride

ammonium bifluoride [INORG CHEM]NH4F HF A salt that crystallizes in the orthorhom-

bic system and is soluble in water; prepared in the form of white flakes from ammonia

treated with hydrogen fluoride; used in solution as a fungicide and wood preservative.

Also known as ammonium acid fluoride; ammonium hydrogen fluoride. { ə mo ¯ n

yəmbı ¯ flu ˙ r ı ¯d}

ammonium bicarbonate

ammonium bicarbonate [INORG CHEM]NH4HCO3 White, crystalline, water-soluble salt;

used in baking powders and in fire-extinguishing mixtures. Also known as ammo-

nium hydrogen carbonate. { ə mo ¯ n yəmbı ¯ ka ¨ r bə na ¯ t}

ammonium benzoate

ammonium benzoate [ORG CHEM]NH4C7H5O2 A salt of benzoic acid prepared as a

coarse, white powder; used as a preservative in certain adhesives and rubber latex.

{ ə mo ¯ n yəm ben zə wa ¯ t}

ammonium alum

ammonium alum See ammonium aluminum sulfate. { ə mo ¯ n yəm al əm}

ammonium aluminum sulfate

ammonium aluminum sulfate [INORG CHEM]NH4Al(SO4)2 12H2O Colorless, odorless

crystals that are soluble in water; used in manufacturing medicines and baking

powder, dyeing, papermaking, and tanning. Also known as alum; aluminum ammo-

nium sulfate; ammonia alum; ammonium alum. { ə mo ¯ n yəm ə¦lu ¨ mə nəm səl fa ¯ t}

ammonium alginate

ammonium alginate [ORG CHEM](C6H7O6 NH4)n A high-molecular-weight, hydrophilic

colloid; used as a thickening agent/stabilizer in ice cream, cheese, canned fruits,

and other food products. { ə mo ¯ n yəm al jə na ¯ t}

ammoniumacetate

ammoniumacetate [ORG CHEM] 1. CH3COONH4 A normal salt formed by the neutraliza-

tion of acetic acid with ammonium hydroxide; a white, crystalline, deliquescent

material used in solution for the standardization of electrodes for hydrogen ions.

2. CH3COONH4 CH3COOH An acid salt resulting from the distillation of the neutral

salt or from its solution in hot acetic acid; crystallizes in deliquescent needles.

3. A mixture of the normal and acetic salts; used as a mordant in the dyeing of wool.

{ ə mo ¯ n yəm as ə ta ¯ t}

ammonia water

ammonia water [CHEM] A water solution of ammonia; a clear colorless liquid that is

basic because of dissociation of NH4OH to produce hydroxide ions; used as a reagent,

solvent, and neutralizing agent. { ə mo ¯ n yə wo ˙ d ər}

ammonification

ammonification [CHEM] Addition of ammonia or ammonia compounds, especially to

the soil. { ə ma ¨n ə fə ka ¯ shən}

ammoniated superphosphate

ammoniated superphosphate [INORG CHEM] A fertilizer containing 5 parts of ammonia

to 100 parts of superphosphate. { ə mo ¯ n e ¯ a ¯d əd su ¨ pər fa ¨s fa ¯ t}

ammoniation

ammoniation [CHEM] Treating or combining with ammonia. { ə mo ¯ n e ¯ a ¯ shən}

ammoniated mercury

ammoniated mercury [INORG CHEM] HgNH2Cl A white powder that darkens on light

exposure; insoluble in water and alcohol, soluble in ammonium carbonate solutions

and in warm acids; used in pharmaceuticals and as a local anti-infective in medicine.

{ ə mo ¯ n e ¯ a ¯d əd mər kyə re ¯ }

ammoniated mercuric chloride

ammoniated mercuric chloride See ammoniated mercury. { ə¦mo ¯ n e ¯ a ¯d ədmər¦kyu ¨ r

ik ¦klo ˙ r ı ¯d}

ammoniacal

ammoniacal [INORG CHEM] Pertaining to ammonia or its properties. Also known as

ammoniac. { ¦a mə¦nı ¯ ə kəl}

ammonia dynamite

ammonia dynamite [CHEM] Dynamite with part of the nitroglycerin replaced by ammo-

nium nitrate. { ə mo ¯ n yə dı ¯ nə mı ¯t}

ammoniac

ammoniac See ammoniacal. { ə mo ¯ n e ¯ ak }

ammonia alum

ammonia alum See ammonium aluminum sulfate. { ə mo ¯ n yə al əm}

Saturday, July 16, 2011

ammonation

ammonation [INORG CHEM] A reaction in which ammonia is added to other molecules

or ions by covalent bond formation utilizing the unshared pair of electrons on the

nitrogen atom, or through ion-dipole electrostatic interactions.

ammonia

ammonia [INORGCHEM]NH3 A colorless gaseous alkaline compound that is very soluble

in water, has a characteristic pungent odor, is lighter than air, and is formed as a

result of the decomposition of most nitrogenous organic material; used as a fertilizer

and as a chemical intermediate.

2-aminothiazole

2-aminothiazole [ORG CHEM]C3H4N2S Pale-yellow crystals that melt at 92 C; soluble

in cold water, slightly soluble in ethyl alcohol; used as an intermediate in the

synthesis of sulfathiazole.

aminotriazole

aminotriazole [ORG CHEM]C2H4N4 Crystals with a melting point of 159 C; soluble in

water, methanol, chloroform, and ethanol; used as an herbicide, cotton plant defoli-

ant, and growth regulator for annual grasses and broadleaf and aquatic weeds.

Abbreviated ATA.

ammine

ammine [INORG CHEM] One of a group of complex compounds formed by coordination

of ammonia molecules with metal ions.

beta aminopyridine

beta aminopyridine [ORG CHEM]C5H6N2 Crystals with a melting point of 64 C; soluble in

water, alcohol, and benzene; used in drug and dye manufacture. Also known as

3-aminopyridine.

amino resin

amino resin [ORG CHEM] A type of resin prepared by condensation polymerization,

with an aldehyde, of a compound containing an amino group.

4aminopyridine

4-aminopyridine [ORG CHEM]C5H6N2 White crystals with a melting point of 158.9 C;

soluble in water; used as a repellent for birds. Abbreviated 4-AP.

2-aminopropane

2-aminopropane See isopropylamine.

3-aminopyridine

3-aminopyridine See -aminopyridine.

para-aminophenol

para-aminophenol [ORG CHEM] p-HOC6H4NO2 A phenol in which an amino ( NH2)

group is located on the benzene ring of carbon atoms para (p) to the hydroxyl ( OH)

group; used as a photographic developer and as an intermediate in dye manufacture

3-aminophthalic hydrazide

3-aminophthalic hydrazide See luminol.

aminophenol

aminophenol [ORG CHEM] A type of compound containing the NH2 and OH groups

joined to the benzene ring; examples are para-aminophenol and ortho-hydroxylaniline.

2-amino-5-naphthol-7-sulfonic acid

2-amino-5-naphthol-7-sulfonic acid [ORG CHEM]C10H5NH2OHSO3H Gray or white nee-

dles that are soluble in hot water; used as a dye intermediate.

amino nitrogen

amino nitrogen [CHEM] Nitrogen combined with hydrogen in the amino group. Also

known as ammonia nitrogen.

3-amino-2-naphthoic acid

3-amino-2-naphthoic acid [ORG CHEM]H2NC10H6COOH Yellow crystals in the shape

of scales with a melting point of 214 C; soluble in alcohol and ether; used in the

determination of copper, nickel, and cobalt.

1-amino-2-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid

1-amino-2-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid [ORG CHEM]H2NC10H5(OH)SO3H White or gray,

needlelike crystals; soluble in hot sodiumbisulfite solutions; used in themanufacture

of azo dyes.

2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol

2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol [ORG CHEM] HOCH2C(CH3)(NH2)CH2OH Crystals

with amelting point of 109–111 C; soluble in water and alcohol; used in the synthesis

of surface-active agents, pharmaceuticals, and vulcanizers, and as an emulsifying

agent for cosmetics, leather dressings, polishes, and cleaning compounds.

aminoethane

aminoethane See ethyl amine.

amino group

amino group [ORG CHEM] A functional group ( NH2) formed by the loss of a hydrogen

atom from ammonia.

aminodiborane

aminodiborane [INORG CHEM] Any compound derived from diborane (B2H6) in which

one H of the bridge has been replaced by NH2.

3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid

3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid [ORG CHEM]C7H5O2NCl2 A white solid with a melt-

ing point of 200–201 C; solubility in water is 700 parts per million at 20 C; used as

a preemergence herbicide for soybeans, corn, and sweet potatoes.

aminocarb

aminocarb [ORG CHEM]C11H16N2O2 A tan, crystalline compound with a melting point

of 93–94 C; slightly soluble in water; used as an insecticide for control of forest

insects and pests of cotton, tomatoes, tobacco, and fruit crops.

aminocide

aminocide See succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide.

gama - aminobutyric acid

gama - aminobutyric acid [ORG CHEM]H2NCH2CH2CH2COOH Crystals which are either leaf-

lets or needles, with a melting point of 202 C; thought to be a central nervous system

postsynaptic inhibitory transmitter. Abbreviated GABA.

E - aminocaproic acid

E - aminocaproic acid [ORG CHEM]C6H13NO2 Crystals with amelting point of 204–206 C;

freely soluble in water; used as an antifibrinolytic agent and a spacer for affinity

chromatography.

-aminobutyric acid [ORG CHEM]H2NCH2CH2CH2COOH Crystals which are either leaf-

lets or needles, with a melting point of 202 C; thought to be a central nervous system

postsynaptic inhibitory transmitter. Abbreviated GABA.

1-aminoanthraquinone

1-aminoanthraquinone [ORG CHEM]C14H9NO2 Ruby-red crystals with a melting point

of 250 C; freely soluble in alcohol, benzene, chloroform, ether, glacial acetic acid,

and hydrochloric acid; used in the manufacture of dyes and pharmaceuticals.

2-amino-1-butanol

2-amino-1-butanol [ORG CHEM]CH3CH2CH(NH2)CH2OH A liquid miscible with water,

soluble in alcohols; used in the synthesis of surface-active agents, vulcanizing acceler-

ators, and pharmaceuticals, and as an emulsifying agent for such products as cosmetic

creams and lotions.

amino , amin

amino-, amin- [CHEM] Having the property of a compound in which the group NH2 is

attached to a radical other than an acid radical.

amino alcohol

amino alcohol See alkamine.

Friday, July 15, 2011

amidourea hydrochloride

amidourea hydrochloride See semicarbazide hydrochloride.

amination

amination [ORG CHEM] 1. The preparation of amines. 2. A process in which the amino

group ( NH2) is introduced into organic molecules.

amine

amine [ORG CHEM] One of a class of organic compounds which can be considered to

be derived from ammonia by replacement of one or more hydrogens by functional

groups.

amidol

amidol [ORG CHEM]C6H3(NH2)2OH HCl A grayish-white crystalline salt; soluble in

water, slightly soluble in alcohol; used as a developer in photography and as an

analytical reagent.

amide hydrolysis

amide hydrolysis [ORG CHEM] The cleavage of an amide into its constitutive acid and

amine fragments by a net addition of water.

amidine

amidine [ORG CHEM] A compound which contains the radical CNHNH2

amido

amido [ORG CHEM] Indicating the NH2 radical when it is present in a molecule with

the CO radical.

amide

amide [ORG CHEM] One of a class of organic compounds containing the CONH2 radical.

amicron

amicron [PHYS CHEM] A particle having a size of 10 7

centimeter or less, which is a

size in a system of classification of particle sizes in colloid chemistry.

amidation

amidation [ORG CHEM] The process of forming an amide; for example, in the laboratory

benzyl reacts with methyl amine to form N-methylbenzamide.

americium

americium [CHEM] A chemical element, symbol Am, atomic number 95; the mass

number of the isotope with the longest half-life is 243.

americyl ion

americyl ion [INORG CHEM] A dioxo monocation of americium, with the formula

(AmO2)

Ames test

Ames test [ANALY CHEM] A bioassay that uses a set of histidine auxotrophic mutants of

Salmonella typhimurium for detectingmutagenic and possibly carcinogenic compounds.

ambident

ambident [ORG CHEM] A chemical species or molecule that possesses two alternative

reactive sites, either of which can bond in a reaction; examples include cyanate ions,

thiosulfate ions, oxime anions, and enolate ions. Also known as ambidentate.

ambidentate

ambidentate See ambident.

Am

Am See americium

aluminum triacetate

aluminum triacetate [ORG CHEM] Al(C2H3O2)3 A white solid that is very slightly soluble

in cold water.

aluminum stearate

aluminum stearate [ORG CHEM] Al(C17H35COO)3 An aluminum soap in the form of a

white powder that is insoluble in water and soluble in oils; used for waterproofing

fabrics and concrete and as a drier in paints and varnishes.

aluminum sulfate

aluminum sulfate [INORG CHEM]Al2(SO4)3 18H2O A colorless salt in the form of mono-

clinic crystals that decompose in heat and are soluble in water; used in papermaking,

water purification, and tanning, and as a mordant in dyeing. Also known as alum.

aluminum soap

aluminum soap [ORG CHEM] Any of various salts of higher carboxylic acids and alumi-

num that are insoluble in water and soluble in oils; used in lubricating greases,

paints, varnishes, and waterproofing substances.

aluminum sodium sulfate

aluminum sodium sulfate [INORG CHEM] AlNa(SO4)2 12H2O Colorless crystals with an

astringent taste and a melting point of 61 C; soluble in water; used as a mordant

and for waterproofing textiles, as a food additive, and for matches, tanning, ceramics,

engraving, and water purification. Abbreviated SAS. Also known as porous alum;

soda alum; sodium aluminum sulfate.

aluminum silicofluoride

aluminum silicofluoride See aluminum fluosilicate.

aluminum potassium sulfate

aluminum potassium sulfate See potassium aluminum sulfate.

aluminum silicate

aluminum silicate [INORG CHEM]Al2(SiO3)3 A white solid that is insoluble in water;

used as a refractory in glassmaking.

aluminum palmitate

aluminum palmitate [ORG CHEM] Al(C16H31O2) H2O An aluminum soap used in water-

proofing fabrics, paper, and leather and as a drier in paints.

aluminum phosphate

aluminum phosphate See aluminum orthophosphate.

aluminum orthophosphate

aluminum orthophosphate [INORG CHEM] AlPO4 White crystals, melting above 1500 C;

insoluble in water, soluble in acids and bases; useful in ceramics, paints, pulp, and

paper. Also known as aluminum phosphate.

aluminum oxide

aluminum oxide [INORG CHEM]Al2O3 A compound in the form of a white powder or

colorless hexagonal crystals; melts at 2020 C; insoluble in water; used in aluminum

production, paper, spark plugs, absorbing gases, light bulbs, artificial gems, and

manufacture of abrasives, refractories, ceramics, and electrical insulators.

aluminum nitrate

aluminum nitrate [INORG CHEM] Al(NO3)3 9H2O White, deliquescent crystals with a melting point of 73 C; soluble in alcohol and acetone; used as a mordant for textiles,

in leather tanning, and as a catalyst in petroleum refining.

aluminum oleate

aluminum oleate [ORG CHEM] A soaplike compound of aluminum and oleic acid, used

in lubricating oils and greases to improve their viscosity.

aluminum hydroxide

aluminum hydroxide See alumina trihydrate.

aluminum monostearate

aluminum monostearate [ORG CHEM] Al(OH)2[OOC(CH2)16CH3] A white to yellowish-

white powder with a melting point of 155 C; used in the manufacture of medicine,

paint, and ink, in waterproofing, and as a plastics stabilizer.

aluminum halide

aluminum halide [INORG CHEM] A compound of aluminum with a halogen element,

such as aluminum chloride.

aluminum hydrate

aluminum hydrate See alumina trihydrate.

aluminum fluoride

aluminum fluoride [INORG CHEM] AlF3 31

/2H2O A white, crystalline powder, insoluble

in cold water.

aluminum fluosilicate

aluminum fluosilicate [INORG CHEM]Al2(SiF6)3 A white powder that is soluble in hot

water; used for artificial gems, enamels, and glass. Also known as aluminum sili-

cofluoride.

aluminum borohydride

aluminum borohydride [ORG CHEM] Al(BH4)3 A volatile liquid with a boiling point of

44.5 C; used in organic synthesis and as a jet fuel additive.

aluminum chloride

aluminum chloride [INORG CHEM] AlCl3 or Al2Cl6 A deliquescent compound in the form

of white to colorless hexagonal crystals; fumes in air and reacts explosively with

water; used as a catalyst.

aluminum

aluminum [CHEM] A chemical element, symbol Al, atomic number 13, and atomic

weight 26.9815. Also spelled aluminium.

aluminum acetate

aluminum acetate [ORG CHEM] Al(CH3COO)3 A white, amorphous powder that is solu-

ble in water; used in aqueous solution as an antiseptic.

aluminumammoniumsulfate

aluminumammoniumsulfate See ammoniumaluminumsulfate.

aluminon

aluminon [ORG CHEM]C22H23N3O9 A yellowish-brown, glassy powder that is freely solu-

ble in water; used for the detection and colorimetric estimation of aluminum in

foods, water, and tissues, and as a pharyngeal aerosol spray.

aluminosilicate

aluminosilicate [INORG CHEM] 3Al2O3 2SiO2 A colorless, crystalline combination of sili-

cate and aluminate in the form of rhombic crystals.

Thursday, July 14, 2011

aluminium

aluminium See aluminum.

alumina trihydrate

alumina trihydrate [INORG CHEM]Al2O3 3H2O, or Al(OH)3 A white powder; insoluble in

water, soluble in hydrochloric or sulfuric acid or sodium hydroxide; used in the

manufacture of ceramic glasses and in paper coating. Also known as aluminum

hydrate; aluminum hydroxide; hydrated alumina; hydrated aluminum oxide.

aluminate

aluminate [INORG CHEM] A negative ion usually assigned the formula AlO2

and derived

from aluminum hydroxide.

alum

alum [INORG CHEM] 1. Any of a group of double sulfates of trivalent metals such as

aluminum, chromium, or iron and a univalent metal such as potassium or sodium.

2. See aluminumsulfate; ammoniumaluminumsulfate; potassiumaluminumsulfate.

alumina

alumina [INORG CHEM]Al2O3 The native formof aluminumoxide occurring as corundum

or in hydrated forms, as a powder or crystalline substance.

alternating copolymer

alternating copolymer [ORG CHEM] A polymer formed of two different monomer mole-

cules that alternate in sequence in the polymer chain.

alternation of multiplicities law

alternation of multiplicities law [CHEM] The law that the periodic table arranges the

elements in such a sequence that their number of orbital electrons, and hence their

multiplicities, alternates between even and odd numbers.

alpha position

alpha position [ORG CHEM] In chemical nomenclature, the position of a substituting

group of atoms in the main group of a molecule; for example, in a straight-chain compound such as -hydroxypropionic acid (CH3CHOHCOOH), the hydroxyl radical

is in the alpha position.

alternant hydrocarbon

alternant hydrocarbon [ORG CHEM] A member of a class of conjugated molecules

whose carbon atoms can be divided into two sets so that members of one set are

formally bonded only to members of the other set.

alpha olefin

alpha olefin [ORG CHEM] An olefin where the unsaturation (double bond) is at the

alpha position, that is, between the two end carbons of the carbon chain.

allyxycarb

allyxycarb [ORG CHEM]C16H22N2O2 A yellow, crystalline compound used as an insecti-

cide for fruit orchards, vegetable crops, rice, and citrus

alpha cellulose

alpha cellulose [ORG CHEM] A highly refined, insoluble cellulose from which sugars,

pectin, and other soluble materials have been removed. Also known as chemical

cellulose

allylurea

allylurea [ORG CHEM]C4H8N2O Crystals with a melting point of 85 C; freely soluble in

water and alcohol; used to manufacture allylthiourea and other corrosion inhibitors.

allyltrichlorosilane

allyltrichlorosilane [ORG CHEM]CH2CHCH2SiCl3 A pungent, colorless liquid with a boil-

ing point of 117.5 C; used as an intermediate for silicones.

allyl sulfide

allyl sulfide [ORG CHEM] (CH2CHCH2)2S A colorless liquid with a garliclike odor and a

boiling point of 139 C; used in synthetic oil of garlic.

allylthiourea

allylthiourea [ORG CHEM]C3H5NHCSNH2 A white, crystalline solid that melts at 78 C;

soluble in water; used as a corrosion inhibitor.

allyl plastic

allyl plastic See allyl resin.

allyl resin

allyl resin [ORG CHEM] Any of a class of thermosetting synthetic resins derived from

esters of allyl alcohol or allyl chloride; used in making cast and laminated products.

Also known as allyl plastic.

allyl isothiocyanate

allyl isothiocyanate [ORG CHEM]CH2CH:CH2NCS A pungent, colorless to pale-yellow

liquid; soluble in alcohol, slightly soluble in water; irritating odor; boiling point

152 C; used as a fumigant and as a poison gas. Also known as mustard oil.

allyl mercaptan

allyl mercaptan [ORG CHEM]CH2CHCH2SH A colorless liquid with a boiling point of

67–68 C; soluble in ether and alcohol; used as intermediate in pharmaceutical

manufacture.

allylic hydrogen

allylic hydrogen [ORG CHEM] In an organic molecule, a hydrogen attached to a carbon

atom that is adjacent to a double bond.

allylic substitution

allylic substitution [ORG CHEM] A reaction occurring at position 1 of an allylic system

(with the double bond between positions 2 and 3) in which the incoming group is

attached to the same atom (position 1) as the leaving group, or the incoming group

is attached at position 3, with the double bond moving from positions 2 and 3 to

positions 1 and 2.

allyl cyanide

allyl cyanide [ORG CHEM]C4H5N A liquid with an onionlike odor and a boiling point

of 119 C; slightly soluble in water; used as a cross-linking agent in polymerization.

allylene

allylene [ORG CHEM]CH3C:CH An acetylenic, three-carbon hydrocarbon; a colorless

gas boiling at 24 C; soluble in ether.

allyl cation

allyl cation [ORG CHEM] A carbonium cation with a structure usually represented as

CH2 CH CH2

+; attachment site is the saturated carbon atom.

allyl chloride

allyl chloride [ORG CHEM]CH2CHCH2Cl A volatile, pungent, toxic, flammable, colorless

liquid, boiling at 46 C; insoluble in water; made by chlorination of propylene at high

temperatures.

allyl bromide

allyl bromide [ORG CHEM]C3H5Br A colorless to light yellow, irritating toxic liquid with

a boiling point of 71.3 C; soluble in organic solvents; used in organic synthesis and

for the manufacture of synthetic perfumes.

Tuesday, July 12, 2011

allylamine

allylamine [ORG CHEM]CH2CHCH2NH2 A yellow oil that is miscible with water; boils

at 58 C; prepared from mustard oil.

allyl alcohol

allyl alcohol [ORG CHEM]CH2CHCH2OH Colorless, pungent liquid, boiling at 96 C;

soluble in water; made from allyl chloride by hydrolysis.

allyl alcohol

allyl alcohol [ORG CHEM]CH2CHCH2OH Colorless, pungent liquid, boiling at 96 C;

soluble in water; made from allyl chloride by hydrolysis.

allyl alcohol

allyl alcohol [ORG CHEM]CH2CHCH2OH Colorless, pungent liquid, boiling at 96 C;

soluble in water; made from allyl chloride by hydrolysis.

allylacetone

allylacetone [ORG CHEM]CH2CHCH2CH2COCH3 A colorless liquid, soluble in water and organic solvents; used in pharmaceutical synthesis, perfumes, fungicides, and

insecticides.

allyl

allyl- [ORG CHEM] A prefix used in names of compounds whose structure contains an

allyl cation.

allulose

allulose [ORG CHEM]CH2OHCO(CHOH)3CH2OH A constituent of cane sugar molasses;

it is nonfermentable.

Sunday, July 10, 2011

allotropy

allotropy [CHEM] The assumption by an element of two or more different forms or

structures which are most frequently stable in different temperature ranges, such

as different crystalline forms of carbon as charcoal, graphite, or diamond. Also

known as allotriomorphism; allotropism.

Saturday, July 9, 2011

allotropism

allotropism See allotropy.

allotriomorphism

allotriomorphism See allotropy.

allotrope

allotrope [CHEM] A form of an element showing allotropy.

allidochlor

allidochlor [ORG CHEM]C8H12NOCl An amber liquid having slight solubility in water;

used as a preemergence herbicide for vegetable crops, soybeans, sorghum, and

ornamentals.

allo

allo- [CHEM] Prefix applied to the stabler form of two isomers.

allelochemistry

allelochemistry [CHEM] The science of compounds synthesized by one organism that

stimulate or inhibit other organisms.

allene

allene [ORG CHEM]C3H4 An unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon with two double bonds.

Also known as propadiene.

allethrin

allethrin [ORG CHEM] An insecticide, a synthetic pyrethroid, more effective than pyre-

thrin.

alkyloxonium ion

alkyloxonium ion [ORG CHEM] (ROH2)

+ An oxonium ion containing one alkyl group.

alkyne

alkyne [ORG CHEM] One of a group of organic compounds containing a carbon-to-

carbon triple bond.

alkylene

alkylene [ORG CHEM] An organic radical formed froman unsaturated aliphatic hydrocar-

bon; for example, the ethylene radical C2H3 .

alkyl halide

alkyl halide [ORG CHEM] A compound consisting of an alkyl group and a halogen; an

example is ethylbromide.

alkylation

alkylation [ORG CHEM] A chemical process in which an alkyl radical is introduced into

an organic compound by substitution or addition.

alkylbenzene sulfonates

alkylbenzene sulfonates [ORG CHEM] Widely used nonbiodegradable detergents, com-

monly dodecylbenzene or tridecylbenzene sulfonates.

alkylaryl sulfonates

alkylaryl sulfonates [ORG CHEM] General name for alkylbenzene sulfonates.

alkylaryl sulfonates

alkylaryl sulfonates [ORG CHEM] General name for alkylbenzene sulfonates.

alkylate

alkylate [ORG CHEM] A product of the alkylation process in petroleum refining.

alkyl

alkyl [ORG CHEM] An organic group that results from removal of a hydrogen atom from

an acyclic, saturated hydrocarbon; may be represented in a chemical formula by

R .

and wax.

in a reaction.

alkalimetry

alkalimetry [ANALY CHEM] Quantitative measurement of the concentration of bases or

the quantity of one free base in a solution; techniques include titration and other

analytical methods.

red pigments.

for example, hexadiene.

one ring. Also known as cycloaliphatic; cycloalkane.Any one of the compounds of

the alicyclic class. Also known as cyclane.

aliphatic

aliphatic [ORG CHEM] Of or pertaining to any organic compound of hydrogen and carbon

characterized by a straight chain of the carbon atoms; three subgroups of such

compounds are alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes.

enes) into polyolefin polymers.

Also known as aldol reaction.

cotton, sugarbeets, potatoes, peanuts, and ornamentals.

vulcanization accelerator.

alcosol

alcosol [CHEM] Mixture of an alcohol and a colloid.

alcoholysis

alcoholysis [ORG CHEM] The breaking of a carbon-to-carbon bond by addition of an

alcohol.

of a CH bond and an unsaturated transition-metal compound.

used in protein biochemistry.